Max Temp

A common misconception, is that it must be coldest in the middle of the night, and warmest around midday. On some occasions, mainly due to air mass changes, this may be correct, but not usually. The lowest (minimum) temperature usually occurs a little while after sunrise, and the highest (maximum) temperature usually occurs after midday --- sometimes as late as 3 or 4 hours after midday.

To understand why, it is necessary to consider that thermal energy during the 24 hours is radiating continually from the surface of the earth (at long wavelengths), and incoming solar (relatively short wave) radiation obviously only when the sun is above the horizon. With the sun below the horizon (night), outgoing radiation allows the surface to cool, and the temperature drops. After sunrise, incoming solar radiation counteracts this loss of heat, but only after a lag - which can be up to an hour or so in winter with a low solar elevation.

The minimum temperature occurs when there is a balance between outgoing and incoming radiation. As the sun rides higher in the sky, increasing amounts of short-wave radiation are available to heat the ground, and therefore available to heat the overlying air. Although outgoing land-based radiation is also increasing, solar heating is dominant. The temperature rises, until, past noon, incoming solar radiation starts to decline again.

The highest(maximum) temperature occurs when heat gain due to incoming solar radiation, and heat loss due to outgoing terrestrial radiation balance: this occurs some time after midday.

What are Degree Days?

What are Degree Days?Many of us are familiar with the concept of global warming, and the various arguments both supporting it as an environmental crisis, as well as those dismissing it as "junk science". No matter what your belief is, there is a scientific way that energy managers, facilities directors, mathematicians, and even farmers can quantify whether a particular season is warmer or cooler than a previous one. If someone claims that last winter was much colder than this winter, how can this claim be substantiated?
In order to determine such things we use a measurement called degree days. Simply put, a degree day is a way to measure "bulk" temperature. First of all, there are different types of degree days; which are used to measure different things. They all have something in common: they express how far the average temperature was above or below a certain index for a given number of days. The index can be different for measuring different things, like heating, cooling or growing season. Typically, the heating/cooling degree day index is 65ºF and the growing index is 50ºF. If a different index is used it is represented by a subscript.
A common example of degree day usage explains how the oil company determines when to deliver oil. If you recorded the average temperature every day, you could determine how far below a given level the weather was; and calculate how much oil a customer would have used.
For example, if the average temperatures for three consecutive days were: 60ºF, 58ºF and 55ºF, these would represent 5, 7 and 10 degree days respectively. The three days total for 22 heating degree days (HDD). We are basically measuring the number of degrees that the average temperature was less than or equal to 65ºF index.
The oil company uses historical records to determine how much oil each customer would consume to overcome this "amount of cold". Since each house may not have the same efficieny, they could each require a different amount of oil.
Cooling degree days (CDD) work the same way, and are often used to help relate weather to electric usage. The difference is that we measure the number of degrees that the average temperature was greater than the 65ºF index, and thus require cooling.
According to records kept at Brookhaven National Labs since 1949, the annual averages for our area are about 6,000 HDD and 580 CDD.

Consumption Vs. Demand

Consumption vs. Demand
When speaking about electrical energy, there are two related, yet different, measurement parameters that need to be understood: consumption and demand.
Consumption is a more familiar concept for most people. Simply put, it is the total amount of energy used. Demand is the immediate rate of that consumption.
A simple analogy is a pile of rocks of various sizes and weights. Let's say that you were moving the pile. The total weight of the rocks is similar to the consumption because it represents the total energy you would expend. The weight of the largest rock is similar to the demand because it represents how much power you would need to have "available" to move that one rock at that instant in time.
Mathematically, energy consumed is represented by kilowatt hours (kWh). These are what the electric meter records as the dials turn. The rate of consumption would be kilowatt hours per hour or just kilowatts (kW). Typically electric demand is not measured for residential customers. However, commercial customers are charged for both the energy used and how fast they use it. The faster the collective customer base uses energy the more the utility must be able to supply.
How much energy the system must be able to generate to meet the instantaneous load (even if it's only for a short duration) is called its capacity. This concept is also used when designing a system or building so that electrical distribution equipment is properly sized. The capacity of a utility must be able to meet the demand so no customers are deprived of their electricity.
Everyone probably knows somebody who can't turn on their toaster and microwave at the same time without blowing a fuse. This example demonstrates a circuit that does not have the capacity to meet the demand. However, if these devices are operated one after the other, the energy would be readily available.

A Getting Started Tutorial on EnergyPlus

About EnergyPlus:(from http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/) EnergyPlus is a building energy simulation program for modeling building heating, cooling, lighting, ventilating, and other energy flows. While it is based on the most popular features and capabilities of BLAST and DOE-2, it includes many innovative simulation capabilities such as time steps of less than an hour, modular systems and plant integrated with heat balance-based zone simulation, multizone air flow, thermal comfort, water use, natural ventilation, and photovoltaic systems.
EnergyPlus is a stand-alone simulation program without a 'user friendly' graphical interface. EnergyPlus reads input and writes output as text files.
One can give input to EnergyPlus by either making the input file (*.idf) in a simple test editor (such as TextEdit or notepad) or by using a simple user interface ( IDF Editor) which comes with EnergyPlus installation. This tutorial uses IDF editor for creating the input file.
The tutorial assumes that the reader knows the basics of energy simulation. There are about 30 steps in this tutorial and it should take about 60 minutes to complte it (excluding the time for downloading and installing the software). For any suggestions and bugs, please mail me: cholekar[at]gmail[dot]com
Objective of the tutorial >>
Objective Installation The problem Problem - Details Start IDF editor Add Version Building Object Time Step Run Control Location Design Day Material Regular Construction Zone Surface Geometry Surface Heat Transfer Schedule Type Schedule Compact Controlled Zone Equip Config Zone Equipment List Purchased Air Zone Control Thermostatic Dual Setpoint with Deadband Report Variable Report Meter Report Start EP launch Select the IDF file During Simulation Run Run Status Click DXF Drawing in VoloView Click Orbit button 3D view of the Drawing Output data in Excel

Technology doesn't solve problems,people do!

Technology d'snt solve problems,people do!
How Tech has changed,our world,once upon a time ,Truck calls where ,luxrious,now with advent of VOIP [Voice over Internet Protocol],one can talk machine to machine free,with web cam and using crossloop tools even ,distance is not a criteria for communication.
Push mail,technology by yahoo is catching up,with sync from google in competition.sixth sense ,http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pranavmistry.com%2Fprojects%2Fsixthsense%2F&ei=Wkq7SsalF9eGkQXl7sStDQ&usg=AFQjCNHlHHao8nLwFnSvHOmOwdnp4fLdwA&sig2=APDqX0xWg9M0vHH6rej7lA
So now any medium canvas ,or monitor,using shell programming,any gadgets can be called upon ,right thing at right time,and right place,just by a touch.
But here India,politician [people] do take credit for the change.
Are we really thinking green?, why don't company ,not make profit,and think of society at large and waive off and make telephone as free medium,so that real carbon foot print is minimized.All optical cable,telephone cable are ,onetime investment,even after achieving break even,company are still allowed to charge.Ex Toll taxes,it continues..till the bridge life expires.Are there any norms for this? when will the day when,there will be norms for politicians to have mini um education,why cant all the expenses made are transparent,and accountability is shown?How do a politician earn so much money,in so short period?
When will we have One relegion,one world?List goes on ......,so in short Technology doesn't solve problems,people do!

Money Neither can be created nor destroyed!

Tum Kaya lakar aye the,aur kay lakar jayoge?
As Energy Neither can be created nor destroyed,the status quo equlibrium remains constant.Changes are inevitable,change is always constant.

Even if energy isn't created or destroyed, some forms of energy are more useful than others. Electricity, light, and chemical potentials can all be harnessed to do work, whereas heat is largely useless. Every time you use energy to do something, some of that energy is converted from whatever form it was in to begin with into disordered thermal energy. The second law of thermodynamics tells us that disorder always increases, so there is usually no way to turn disordered heat back into orderly, useful energy. Strictly speaking, people are more worried about running out of orderly energy than running out of energy in general.Also, a quick comment about the "energy is neither created nor destroyed" thing: according to general relativity, energy CAN be created by converting mass to energy (E=mc^2). This is what happens in a nuclear reactor. The actual rule is that the total amount of mass and energy in the universe cannot be increased or decreased, but mass can become energy or vice-versa

You can't use the energy of a lower system to power a higher one. So, for example, once you've eaten your food (a higher system) you can't absorb the same energy you've dissipated into the surroundings as heat (a lower system) to fuel your body again.

As energy flows from higher end to low end, money also flows form people who are in big league to small league.

NanoSolar

NanoSolar,Thin Film Photovoltaic
Nanosolar, a well funded startup solar panel company is about the hit the market with their patented process for printing cheap solar cells on aluminum foil.
Nanosolar’s technology consists of sandwiches of a proprietary “paint” made of copper, indium, gallium and selenide (CIGS) that can be painted on foil. Current technology is to dope wafers of silicon with these rare elements or to use a process that involves a huge vacuum machines where a roll of foil passes through a plasma of the elements, a process that is relatively slow and expensive.
The potential of the Nanosolar process caught the eye of Google founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page who backed the company as angel investors in its early days.
Two recent announcements show that Nanosolar is ready to become a real player in the solar world. 1. The company announced it now has has $4 billion in contracts and 2. It can make money selling solar panels for as little as $1 per watt. A recent check of online sources shows panels ranging from $4.50 - $11.25 per watt, so Nanosolar has the potential to change the market and to change the power industry. Their panels are cheap enough to compete with fossil fuels in markets across the world.